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An
forainm coibhneasta (fohr-AN-im KIV-nas-tuh)
le "is"; the relative pronoun with "is"
The
verb "is" has its own form for relative
clauses. The simplest form relies on "is"
and "nach" to connect the clauses in
the present tense. Read these examples aloud several
times to form an idea of this:
Cuir
ort hata is maith leat; put on a hat that you
like.
Cuir
ort an hata is fearr leat; put on the hat you
prefer.
Cuir
ar an mbord an gloine (GLIN-e) nach maith leis;
put the glass he doesn't like on the table.
Is
é sin an fear is múinteoir sa scoil
lán-Ghaelach; that's the man who is a teacher
in the all-Irish school.
Is
ceacht é nach fadhb mhór dom; it
is a lesson that isn't a big problem for me.
Is
casúr é sin nach cúis náire
duit; that's a hammer that's not a (source of/cause
of) disgrace to you.
For
an aimsir chaite agus an modh coinníollach,
the past tense and conditional mood, "ba"
(or "ab") and "nár"
are the words connecting the clauses. These words
cause aspiration of consonants following them.
Examples of an aimsir chaite:
Chuir
sí uirthi an hata ba mhaith léi;
she put on the hat she liked.
Chaith
Nóirín amach an tolg nár
mhaith liom; Nóirín threw out the
sofa that I didn't like.
Fuair
Annraoi (AHN-ree) an ceann ab fhearr leat; Annraoi
got the one that you preferred.
Ba
é Brian an fear ba láidre sa tír;
Brian was the man who was the strongest in the
country (the strongest man in the country).
Ba
chasúr é sin nár chúis
náire do Chiarán; that was a hammer
that wasn't a disgrace to Ciarán.
Ba
í sin an cailín ab airde sa rang;
that was the tallest girl in the class.
Examples
of an modh coinníollach:
Thabharfainn
é don fheirmeoir ba bhoichte (VWIK*-te)
sa cheantar, dá mbeadh sé agam;
I would give it to the farmer who would be the
poorest in the district, if I had it.
Bheinn
ar mo mhúinteoir ar fhearr sa scoil dá
gcuirfinn suim (sim) i m'obair; I would be the
best teacher in the school if I took interest
in my work.
For
the dative and genitive cases (an tuiseal tabharthach
agus an tuiseal ginideach) in the present tense,
the connecting words are "ar" ("arb"
before a vowel) and "nach," without
aspiration of a following consonant. Examples
with the dative:
Is
é seo an fear ar leis an carr sin; this
is the man to whom that car belongs.
Is
í sin an bhean arb ainm léi Nóra;
That's the woman whose name is Nora.
D'fhill
mé leis an bhfear nach leis an carr sin;
I returned with the man whose car that isn't (who
doesn't own that car).
With
the genitive:
Thug
mé é don fhear ar múinteoir
a mhac; I gave it to the man whose son is a teacher.
Is
é seo an dochtúir arb aoi a bhean;
this is the doctor whose wife is a guest.
Is
í sin an bhean arb é a mac a bhí
ann inné; that's the woman whose son it
was who was there yesterday.
D'fhan
mé leis an mbuachail nach scoláire
a dheirfiúr (yri-FOOR); I waited for the
lad whose sister is not a student.
In
the past tense and the conditional, the dative
and genitive forms require "ar" and
"nár" if the next word begins
with a consonant or with an "f" followed
by a consonant. "Ar" and "nár"
cause aspiration of the initial consonant. The
words "arbh" (ER-ruhv) and "nárbh"
(NAW*R-ruhv) connect the clauses if the next word
begins with a vowel or an "f" followed
by a vowel.
Examples
of the dative:
Ba
dochtúir é ar mhian leis bád
seoil a cheannach; he was a doctor who wished
to buy a sailboat.
Ba
dochtúir í nár mhian léi
bheith ina cónaí anseo; she was
a doctor who did not wish to be living here.
Chonaic
mé fear arbh áil leis dul ag obair;
I saw a man who wanted to go to work.
Ba
scoláire í nár mhaith léi
bheith déanach; she was a student who didn't
like to be late.
Examples
of the genitive in the aimsir chaite agus modh
coinníollach:
Ba
é sin an fear ar mhian lena athair fanacht
anseo; that was the man whose father wanted to
stay here.
Nár
chuir sé sa seomra eile an páiste
nárbh áil lena mháthair dul
abhaile?; didn't he put into the other room the
child whose mother didn't want to go home?
D'fheicfeá
an cailín arbh áil a hathair teach
eile a cheannach; you would see the girl whose
father would want to buy another house.
An
réamhfocal (RAY*V-ohk-uhl) "de";
the preposition "de"
This
word, meaning "off" or "of",
is part of several common expressions:
de
ghnáth (de GNAW*), usually
de
ló is d'oíche (de loh is DEE-he).
day and night
de
ghlanmheabhair (de gluhn-VYOU-ir), by heart (in
memorizing)
Fuair
sé bás den ocras; he died of hunger.
In
addition, you can be "buíoch dí",
grateful to her, or "buíoch diot",
grateful to you, or "buíoch de Mháire",
grateful to Mháire.
Bheinn
cinnte de, dá ndéarfadh sé
é; I would be certain of it if he were
to say it.
"de"
is useful in expressing partial amounts. A part
or piece of the bread is "píosa den
arán." ("A piece of bread,"
however, is "píosa aráin,"
with "aráin" in the genitive
case.)
Bain
diot do chóta; take off your coat.
Fiafraigh
diom; ask me (literally, ask of me).
Jumping
from and falling from involve "de";
thit sé den teach; he fell off the house.
Léimfidh sé den droichead; he will
jump off the bridge.
If
some person or object exceeds another by some
measurement, the "de" is useful:
Tá
Séamas níos airde ná Tomás
de dhá orlach; Séamas is taller
than Tomás by two inches.
Bheadh
an loch níba dhoimhne (GIV-ne) ná
an abhainn (OU-in) de naoi dtroith (dri), dá
romhrófaí amach é; the lake
would be deeper than the river by nine feet if
it were to be dug out.
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